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Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 42-43,  1st and 2nd terms 1997

 

Economie du développement : éducation ; pauvreté ; commerce
international
[Economic development : education, poverty, international trade]

Régional input-output analysis and agriculture
[Analyse input-ouput régionale et agriculture]

Peter MIDMORE, Rebecca MEDCALF (Welsh Institute of Rural Studies, Llanbadarn, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales, SY23 3AL. United Kingdom), Lucy HARRISON-MAYFIELD (Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 2AR, United Kingdom)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 7-31

Summary : This article examines the use of the input-output approach in the understanding and analysis of the role of agriculture in regional economies. Though this work is more or less equally divided between regional analysis in industrialised and developing countries, the focus is on the former. The constraints and opportunities offered by the technique are considered, together with extensions such as Social Accounts and CGE modelling. Some of the potential of the technique is illustrated by recent work related to agriculture and rural development in the regional economy of Wales.

Key-words : input-output analysis and agriculture.

Réforme de la PAC et mécanismes d'ajustement du marché mondial du corn gluten feed
[The CAP reform and the response of the world corn gluten feed market]

Eric GIRAUD-HÉRAUD (INRA, Unité d'économie et sociologie rurales, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon), Chantal LE MOUËL (INRA, Unité d'économie et sociologie rurales, 65, Rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex), Vincent RÉQUILLART (INRA, Unité d'économie et sociologie rurales,
BP 27, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 33-70

Summary : The CAP reform should increase the European Union (UE) feed grain demand to the detriment of imported feed ingredients. However, existing studies show that the use of CGF in the EU should not be affected by the EU grain price cut. These studies generally do not consider the potential adjustment in the domestic US outlet for CGF. In fact, past trends in EU and US CGF demands clearly result from the high grain price prevailing on the Community's feed market before the CAP reform. Then, the EU grain price cut is in a position to change the existing patterns in the world CGF trade. This article focus on the adjustment mechanisms which may occur in both EU and US CGF outlets following the CAP reform. A model of EU and US CGF demand, drawn on both linear programming approach and product differentiation theory is used. Comparing to econometric or comparative static models used in existing studies, this modeling approach makes CGF demands more sensitive to the structure of feed ingredient prices. Hence, we show that the CAP reform could increase the use of CGF in the US. Therefore, a transfert of US CGF sales from the EU export market to the US domestic market could occur. In that case, the CAP reform appears as more efficient in reducing EU CGF imports than what is commonly observed in existing studies.

Key-words : CAP reform, grain substitutes, corn gluten feed, grains, model.

La demande de viandes et poissons en Espagne : une analyse micro-économique
[The demand for meat and fish in Spain : a microeconometric analysis]

Abderraouf LAAJIMI (Département d'Ecomie rurale, Ecole supérieure d'agriculture de Mograne, 1121 Zaghouan, Tunisie), Luis Miguel ALBISU (Unité d'Economie Rurale, Service de la Recherches Agro-alimentaire, BP 727, 50080 Saragosse, Espagne)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 71-91

Summary : In this paper the evolution of meat and fish consumption in Spain during the last decade is first described. Beef, pork and chicken consumption declined whereas the other processed meat products increased. The Almost Ideal Demand System has been used to analyse the demand structure for these products with pooled household data for the October 1989 - September 1992 period, based on a microdata set from the Spanish Food Consumption Panel that is being used for the first time in empirical studies. Demographic variables have been introduced using the translation method. The likelihood ratio tests substantiate that the AIDS model with demographic variables performs well for estimating the demand relations. Based on a parametric test, separability between meat and fish has been tested. The result has showed that the purchase decision is taken together and therefore they have to be considered in the same system. Results show that demand is responsive to prices, total expenditure and demographic variables. Beef and fish consumption is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, as a result of better distribution channels. However, lamb and chicken consumption is higher in rural areas, as a response to a more traditional consumption pattern. Calculated elasticities, based on the estimated model with both homogeneity and symmetry imposed, are more sensitive to variations of total expenditure and own prices than cross prices. The demand is inelastic, except for pork meat. Both chicken and processed meat products are revealed as necessity goods. Substitution relationships have been pointed, showing the strong competition between several types of meats. Comparison with other studies has showed the benefit from using disagregated data and demographic effects when estimating demand relations.

Key-words : meat, fish, demand system, demographic effects, separability.

Estimation of technical efficiency in Greek livestock farms
[L'efficacité technique des exploitations d'élevage en Grèce]

Ioannis ANDREAKOS (National Agricultural Research Foundation, 184C, Kifissias av,
145-62 Kifissia, Athènes, Grèce), Vangelis TZOUVELEKAS (The University of Wales, Aberystwyth Llanbadarn Fawr, SY23 3AL, Aberystwith,Royaume Uni), Konstantinos MATTAS, Evangelos PAPANAGIOTOU (Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis, University campus,
54006 Thessaloniki, Grèce)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 93-107

Summary : In this present paper we use a panel data set during the period 1989-1992 to explore the distribution of productive efficiency among small sheep-breeding farmers operating in Greece. The results show that the average technical efficiency of the stock farmers was found quite low (75.80 %) and suggests the need for an advanced development strategy to improve their economic performance. Finally, the farmer's age and formal education, the credit access, the lack of successors and the farm's location are important factors explaining efficiency variation among farmers.

Key-words : technical efficiency, sheep-breeding farms, stochastic frontier, Greece.

Economie du développement : éducation ; pauvreté ; commerce international
[Economic development : education, poverty, international trade]

L'éducation est-elle rentable dans l'agriculture ? Une approche duale appliquée à la Côte-d'Ivoire
[Is it worth educating farmers ? A dual approach applied to the Ivory Coast]

Marc GURGAND (Université Paris IX-Dauphine et Lamia, Université de Paris I, 90, rue de Tolbiac, 75634 Paris cedex 13)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 113-144

Summary : We show that, under unrestrictive conditions and based on a non-recursive rural household model, the effect of education on both technical efficiency over all crops and allocative efficiency can be measured using a farm profit function estimate. This is applied on cross-section data from Côte d'Ivoire. Farm labor supply of farm household members is first to decline with education.
Second, education has no effect on farm efficiency (and sometimes a significantly negative one). This is robust to endogeneity of the education variable and is a reasonable result if general human capital, as produced by schooling, is of little use for farming in a steady environment. This is consistent with the few available works on Sub-saharan Africa.

Key-words : education , farm household efficiency, Sub-saharan Africa.

Institutions d'aide et enquêtes sur la pauvreté en Afrique
[Aid and poverty : remarks on analyses of the standard of living in Africa]

Alice SINDZINGRE (CNRS, CERED (Université de Paris X-Nanterre), 64, bd Arago, 75013 Paris)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 145-183

Summary : The 1990s has witnessed a revival of anti-poverty projects on the part of aid agencies. These have taken the form of surveys and developing of indicators, as well as operational projects aiming at improving the living conditions of the poorest. Based on examples drawn from the characteristics of Sub-Saharan African economies, this article attempts to show that these projects misunderstand certain mechanisms which can bring about a state of poverty, and, consequently, misunderstand the really vulnerable groups. In particular, the underlying conceptions of aid projects are restricted to a framework where income is expressed only in static monetary terms. They take little account of the environments of instability that are specific to these economies. Moreover, these aid projects do not take into account the institutions which emerge from these environments and which establish complex intertemporal insurance mechanisms; these mechanisms use individuals as assets, but these assets are risky in themselves. The literature has already analysed these mechanisms in the framework of strategies of diversification within the family or household. This article adds the multiple networks that individuals acquire in order to cover themselves from risk, even though these networks generate costs. Situations of poverty result from the failure of these processes, compared with other structural situations deriving from the inability to work, due to the unexpected events that can affect individuals, or the demographic configuration of their kinship.
In the first part of the article, the manner in which currently existing surveys of poverty are carried out are critically analysed, as well as the context of existing constraints within aid agencies. The second part lays out a conception of possible explanatory processes of poverty, based on the notion of claims in the future on individuals, as these claims represent today’s wealth. The incorporation of this conception into the commonly used instruments of measurement could improve the latter’s efficiency, although the political economy of aid, in addition to that of recipient states currently in crisis, is not favorable to a change in concepts or plans of action.

Key-words : poverty, aid, Sub-Saharan Africa.

Union européenne et pays ACP : la fin des privilèges ?
[European Union and ACP-Countries : are preferential trade agreements to be taken for granted ?]

Jean-Louis COMBES (Université de Savoie, GAMMAP, Faculté des Sciences économiques, Université de Grenoble 2, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble cedex 9 et CERDI, Faculté des Sciences économiques, Université d'Auvergne, 65, bd F. Mitterand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand),
Cécile DAUBRÉE (CNRS, CERDI et Université Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur),
Pascale MOTEL-COMBES (Université de Grenoble 2, GAMMAP, CERDI)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurale, n° 42-43, 1997, pp 185-205

Summary : Exports of developing countries may be differently stimulated. First, developing countries' exports may benefit from gradual cuts in custom-duties negociated under the auspices of the GATT. Second, developing countries' exports may be favoured by preferential trade agreements like those granted by the European Union towards the ACPs. The theoretical issues of the effects of preferential trade agreements rely on the Viner's analysis of trade flows creation and diversion. The Viner's analysis is however limited to the welfare costs and benefits of the donor. Moreover, those kinds of cost-benefit analyses are by definition static. In this article, we propose a theoretical and econometrical analysis of the Yaoundé and Lomé conventions effects on the ACPs' manufactured exports. From a theoretical point of view, the exports of manufactured goods depend on the income of import buyers, on sectorial capacity and competitiveness indicators. The two latter variables are either unobservable or unavailable on a panel of developing countries. We substitute the sectorial capacity indicator by a domestic income indicator, making further additional econometric assumptions that allow us to estimate a log linear function of the export rates of ACP's. We secondly substitute the sectorial by a global competitiveness indicator : the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). The use of the latter is only allowed if we control for labor and human capital endowments. The finally estimated export rate estimated function depends - positively on the income of OECD countries, human capital endowments and - negatively on the REER and the labor force. Preferential trade agreements are taken into account by binary dummies denoting ACP membership. We check separately the effects of the Conventions on the manufactured goods exports of ACPs to the European countries and to the world. Explanatory variables have the predicted effect. ACP-countries do perform better than other developing countries when they export to European countries. But the latter positive effect is more prevalent under the early conventions. Moreover, ACP-countries do not perform significantly better than other developing countries when they export towards European and non-European countries. We notice however that the Yaoundé convention granting reciprocal trade advantages has solely favoured the ACPs' exports. Some pieces of explanation are proposed. Trade agreements may have postponed economic reforms in ACP-countries, that appeared to be necessary in the face of emerging exporting countries in the South-Asia and South America. Trade agreements appear to have allowed for the durability of distorsions. In last we diagnose more for a trade flows diversion instead of a stimulation that may question the relevance of trade agreements.

Key-words : European Union, ACP-countries, Lomé and Yaoundé Conventions, trade preferences.

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