Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 71, 2nd term 2004
- Aléa
moral et politiques d'audit optimales dans le cadre de la pollution
d'origine, S. SPAETER, A. VERCHÈRE
texte
au format PDF
[Agricultural pollution of water, moral hazard and optimal audit policies]
- La
vente en primeur, un substitut au crédit bancaire, H.
HADJ ALI
["En primeur" sales, a substitute for bank loan] - Les
industries de la conserve dans la planification des années 60
: acteurs et instruments de l'élaboration et de la diffusion
d'un nouveau modèle productif, A. LAMANTHE
[The French fruit and vegetable canning industry facing the industrial planning policies in the sixties : the development of a new productive model]
- Pricing
behaviour in the Polish pork market during transition, A. PIENIADZ,
H. HOCKMANN texte
au format PDF
COMPTES RENDUS DE LECTURE
S. GATTI, E. GIRAUD-HÉRAUD and S. MILI (eds), Wine in the Old World : New Risks and Opportunities, par K. Moulton ; M.-L. ALLAIN, C. CHAMBOLLE, Économie de la distribution, par L. Lagrange ; I.J. BATEMAN, A.A. LOVETT and J.S. BRAINARD, Applied Environmental Economics : A GIS Approach to Cost-Benefit Analysis, par B. Sonneveld ; P. DAUCÉ, Agriculture et monde agricole, par J.-C. Kroll
Aléa moral et politiques d'audit optimales dans le cadre de
la pollution d'origine
[Agricultural pollution of water, moral hazard and optimal audit policies]
Sandrine SPAETER*, Alban VERCHÈRE* (* BETA, Université Louis Pasteur, 61 Avenue de la Forêt-Noire, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex. e-mail : spaeter@cournot.u-strasbg.fr, verchere@cournot.u-strasbg.fr l)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 71, 2004, pp 5-35
Summary - When information on farmers' farming methods is incomplete, it is not optimal to fight water pollution due to their activities exclusively through a tax policy. Symmetrically, subsidies alone are not appropriate for some cereals which are already widely subsidized in the European Union. In this paper, we show that a contract between the farmer and the regulator with random audit, penalties or financial compensations depending on the environmental effort of the farmer, could be another alternative for Society. The relevance of such an audit policy depends on the reliability of the informations given by some indicators on the pedological, hydrological and agronomic characteristics of cultivated soils. From the practical point of view, we discuss the consistency and also the availability of such indicators in the case of the Alsatian groundwater pollution by agricultural activities. We also describe the main features of the audit system adopted in some water catchment areas in Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg).
Key-words: agricultural pollution, nitrates, moral hazard, audit, optimal contract.
La vente en primeur, un substitut au crédit bancaire
["En primeur" sales, a substitute for bank loan]
Héla HADJ ALI* (* INRA-ESR, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP 27, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex e-mail : hadjali@toulouse.inra.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 71, 2004, pp 37-56
Summary - This article focuses on the role of "en primeur" market in financing wine producers facing liquidity problems. "En primeur" market is a kind of wine forward market specific to the Bordeaux region. It occurs every spring after the grape harvest while the wine is still in barrel. Wine is bottled and delivered one to two years later. A producer's loan repayment capacity depends on the wine future value i.e. the price of the wine when it is bottled. The existence of an information asymmetry between the banks and the producer about the quality of the wine creates a credit rationing problem in the spirit of Stiglitz and Weiss (1984). To address this issue we propose an adverse selection model whereby a producer needs to raise funds to finance a project. He can apply for a bank loan and/or sell "primeur" wine to a trader. The purchase of "primeur" wine by a trader can also act as a certification mechanism for the future value of the wine. Our analysis shows that when trader's information is completely revealed, the credit rationing problem is solved. However, because of the nature of the traded good, certification is not robust to collusion between the trader and the producer. Finally, we show that "en primeur" sales are only used for financing needs after grape harvest.
Key-words : certification, "en primeur" sales, rationing, wine.
Les industries de la conserve dans la planification des années
60 : acteurs et instruments de l'élaboration et de la diffusion
d'un nouveau modèle productif
[The French fruit and vegetable canning industry facing the industrial
planning policies in the sixties : the development of a new productive
model]
Annie LAMANTHE * (* Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail (LEST- UMR 6123), 35 avenue Jules Ferry, 13626 Aix-en-Provence cedex e-mail : lamanthe@univ-aix.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 71, 2004, pp 57-79
Summary - This paper focuses on the economic and industrial planning policies that took place in France after the Second World War. These policies aimed at reshaping the entire French industrial organization through the spreading of a new productive organizational model. Its purpose was to build an industry capable of getting into the mass-production and mass-consumption system which was related to the increase of the wage-earner status in the population. The case study of fruit and vegetable food processing is at the centre of this analysis. The first part of the paper shows how, at the beginning of the sixties, this industry was very different from this new model and how the IVth (1962-1965) and Vth (1966-1970) Plans restructured it. Special commissions reported on the sector situation and recommended a modernization programme. In order to achieve this, they chose to help finance more industrial firms while clearly encouraging the smaller ones to drop out. The second part of the paper focuses on firstly, the main protagonists and how they related to each other during this process and secondly, how the government, needing help to realize its planning policy objectives, made a deal with the industry leaders which allowed them to adapt the policy so as to protect the interests of the firms they managed, that is to say the medium-sized companies. Moreover they also had to convince many other managers who were opposed to the planning policies objectives, and it is from this point of view that the paper examines the expanding process of the new industrial models. It should be noted however, that it was a social process which resulted from the social actors' relationships based on power and influence - some of whom were able to impose their own point of view -, conflicts and alliances.
Key-words : Planning policy, agricultural policy, industrial policy, food industry, canning industry, organization of production.
Pricing behaviour in the Polish pork market during transition
Agata PIENIADZ*, Heinrich HOCKMANN* (* Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe, Theodor- Lieser-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany e-mail : pieniadz@iamo.de, hockmann@iamo.de)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 71, 2004, pp 81-108
Summary - This study deals with price differentiation in the Polish pork market. The hypotheses about firms' behaviour are derived from theoretical considerations and tested in an econometric analysis using balanced panel data of weekly prices for pork products and selected companies between 1991 and 1998. The empirical findings show that prices are significantly influenced by production costs and the degree of competition among meat processors. In addition, the results suggest that cost leadership strategy, as well as vertical and horizontal product differentiation, are relevant phenomena in the market under investigation. The findings indirectly confirm theoretical considerations suggesting that in oligopolistic markets, firms follow different marketing strategies in order to withstand competitive pressure, and hence to increase their economic efficiency
Key-words: pricing, market structure, product quality.