Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 75, 2nd term 2005
- Calculating
shadow wages for family labour in agriculture : an analysis for Spanish
citrus fruit farms, A.J. PICAZO-TADEO, E. REIG-MARTÍNEZ
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Exploring disparities and similarities in European food consumption
patterns, D.A. PETROVICI, C. RITSON, M. NESS
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- Évolution
des modèles professionnels en agriculture : scènes de
débat, questions d'écologie et catégories de connaissances,
J. CANDAU, C. RUAULT
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[Evolution of ecological issues in agriculture : discussion scenes, occupational models and knowledge categories]
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La fermeture des paysages dans le Massif central : regards d'habitants
sur une question d'experts, Ph. DEUFFIC
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[Landscape closure in the Massif central ( France) : inhabitants views on a scientific issue]
Calculating shadow wages for family labour in agriculture : an analysis for Spanish citrus fruit farms
Andrés J. PICAZO-TADEO*, Ernest REIG-MARTÍNEZ**(* Universitat de València, Dpto. Economía Aplicada II, Avda dels Tarongers s/n., 46022 Valencia (Spain), e-mail : Andres.j.picazo@uv.es - ** Universitat de València and Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, Guardia Civil,22, 46020 Valencia (Spain), e-mail : Ernest.reig@wo.es)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 75, 2005, pp 5-21
Summary - This paper deals with the calculation of shadow wages for family labour in agriculture.Using the existence of a duality between input distance and cost functions, we use the former to derive individual labour shadow prices for a sample of Spanish citrus fruit producers. Our results show that the average shadow price representing the opportunity cost of family labour employed onfarm, is lower than the average market wage rate paid for hired labour. We relate this finding to a strategy of outsourcing of many growing tasks that is currently pursued by farmers to overcome the problems posed by a suboptimal farm size.
Key-words : shadow prices, duality, distance functions, on-farm labour opportunity cost, outsourcing.
Exploring disparities and similarities in European food consumption
patterns
Dan A. PETROVICI *, Christopher RITSON **, Mitchell NESS ** (** Kent Business School, University of Kent, Parkwood Road, Canterbury, CT2 7PE, United Kingdom, e-mail : D.A.Petrovici@kent.ac.uk - ** School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Agriculture building,Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom, e-mail : Christopher.Ritson@newcastle.ac.uk - Mitchell.Ness@newcastle.ac.uk)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 75, 2005, pp 23-49
Summary - This paper
investigates the heterogeneity of food consumption patterns in Europe.
The analysis relies on a wide set of indicators, namely the structure
of calorie, protein and fat consumption as well as the consumption of
main foodstuffs. Clusters based on estimated income elasticity of calorie
and protein demand are also reported. Income elasticities of animal products
tend to exceed those corresponding to the total calorie demand. The same
pattern holds true for the elasticity of demand for proteins. Main dimensions
of consumption are identified based on factor analysis and used subsequently
for the purpose of clustering countries. The hard core clusters are those
that remain stable regardless of the algorithm used in classification
or the indicators as a proxy of food consumption patterns. A limited number
of hard core clusters of countries emerged. The paper concludes with a
discussion of clusters with homogeneous patterns of consumption.
Key-words : food consumption patterns, Europe, factor analysis, cluster analysis, hard-core clusters.
Évolution des modèles professionnels en agriculture
: scènes de débat, questions d'écologie et catégories
de connaissances
[Evolution of ecological issues in agriculture : discussion scenes, occupational
models and knowledge categories]
Jacqueline CANDAU *, Claire RUAULT **(* Cemagref, unité de recherche Aménités et dynamiques de l'espace rural, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33610 Cestas, e-mail : jacqueline.candau@bordeaux.cemagref.fr - ** GERDAL, Le Hourdinais, 35160 Le Verger, e-mail : c.ruault.gerdal@wanadoo.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 75, 2005, pp 51-74
Summary - While several agri-food crisis reveal industrial breeding systems to consumers, one attends to promote the extensive breeding based on meadow grazing as a "new" professional model. The analysis attempts to identify, in the case of the Charente-Maritime marshes, the way in which this process of (re)definition of the "good" farmers operates : which are the actor interactions, which debates emerge and what kind of discussion scenes interact ? The evolution of the system of norms, which usually defines the farming activity, is analyzed in its interactions with the socio-professional configurations that are very specific to the agricultural world and to the relations with other social actors. Our case-study situation is an acute example to show that the professional qualification criteria are not only defined in the agricultural professional network. It also involves a process of discussion with "new" actors who intervene around and on agriculture.
Key-words : Charente marshes, cattle breeding, common-sense-knowledge sociology, discussion scene, occupational model, social network.
La fermeture des paysages dans le Massif central : regards d'habitants
sur une question d'experts
[Landscape closure in the Massif central ( France) : inhabitants views
on a scientific issue]
Philippe DEUFFIC
*(** Cemagref, unité de recherche Agriculture et dynamique
de l'espace rural, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas, e-mail : philippe.deuffic@bordeaux.cemagref.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 75, 2005, pp 75-96
Summary - Following the withdrawal of agriculture on the most productive areas, a significant share of agricultural land was naturally afforested during the last three decades. Consequently, the rural landscapes of uplands have dramatically changed. This phenomenon has been qualified as "landscape closure" by some rural stakeholders. After a brief evocation of the emergence of this issue on the national institutional scene, we will see how the inhabitants of the causse of Sauveterre (Lozère) daily live with these landscape dynamics. For agricultural and environmental institutions, the issue at stake regarding "landscape closure" is biodiversity, while inhabitants consider this question very differently. If they identify the scrub encroachment, they are also very attentive with the clearing which affect large surface of pastures since the installation of the agri-environmental programmmes. However these are very concerned with clearings. They are not only synonymous with a "reopening of the landscapes" but they also constitute an opportunity to redefine the rights of rural space users.
Key-words : spatial dynamics, land use, landscape, perception, social representation.