Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 78, 1st term 2006
- La
concurrence fiscale entre communes est-elle plus intense en milieu urbain
qu'en milieu rural ?,
A. CASSETTE, S. PATY
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[Is tax competition more intense in urban than in rural areas ?] - Quality
labels and rural development : A new economic geography approach,
J.-M. CALLOIS
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- Le
découplage et les droits à paiement unique dans les exploitations
laitières et bovins-viande en France, V. CHATELLIER
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[Decoupling and single payment in the French dairy and cattle farms] - The
role of geographical labelling in inserting extensive cattle systems
into beef marketing channels. Evidence from three Spanish case studies,
A. GÓMEZ RAMOS, I. BARDAJÍ AZCARÁTE, I. ATANCE
MUÑIZ
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La concurrence fiscale entre communes est-elle plus intense en milieu
urbain qu'en milieu rural ?
[Is tax competition more intense in urban than in rural areas ?]
Aurélie
CASSETTE *, Sonia PATY ** (* MEDEE, Faculté des sciences économiques
et sociales, Université des sciences et technologies de Lille,
59655 Villeneuve-d’Ascq, e-mail : Aurelie.cassette@ed.univ-lille1.fr
- ** MEDEE et CESAER-INRA, 26 bd du Docteur Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079
Dijon cedex, e-mail : Sonia.paty@univ-lille1.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 78, 2006, pp 5-30
Summary – The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that tax competition intensity is stronger in urban area than in rural area. We use the theoretical foundations of tax competition literature where horizontal strategic interactions are due to tax base mobility between local jurisdictions belonging to the same level of government. When tax base is mobile, an action chosen by a jurisdiction affects the budget constraint of another jurisdiction, leading to strategic interactions in local fiscal choices. As a consequence, tax rates in one jurisdiction depend on tax rates in the neighbouring jurisdictions. We then build a spatial model of local tax choices which takes into account the fiscal decisions made by concurrent jurisdictions as well as the local socio-economic characteristics such as tax base and population density in the explanatory variables. More precisely, we test the existence of horizontal fiscal interactions inside some different groups of jurisdictions by estimating the slope of each reaction function. We measure the sign and the intensity of the spatial lag parameter using spatial econometrics. We then rely these estimates to the features of each group of jurisdictions and more particularly to its classification in urban areas and in rural areas. We observe that jurisdictions belonging to urban areas tend to mimic each other whereas those who belong to rural areas does not take into account the neighbouring tax choices when they set their local business tax. Rural jurisdictions set their local business tax only by looking at their own socio-economic features.
Key-words : fiscal interaction, urban area, rural area, spatial econometrics.
Quality labels and rural development : A new economic geography approach
Jean-Marc CALLOIS * (* UMR Métafort, Cemagref, BP 50085, 63172 Aubière, e-mail : Jean-Marc.Callois@clermont.cemagref.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 78, 2006, pp 31-51
Summary – Some rural development strategies are based on the assumption that quality labels may act as levers for inducing economic growth and population migration to rural areas. To investigate the validity of this assumption, we use a new economic geography model. A specific (“labelled”) agricultural good is assumed to be produced by farmers who co-operate in order to set a monopoly price and control the number of producers. We find that there is a trade-off between the number of differentiated farmers and their individual income. Besides, the positive effect of agricultural differentiation on rural industrialization, due to increased demand for industrial goods, is offset by an opposite effect due to urban wages rise. Higher transport costs for the specific good favour rural industrialization but limit the size of the differentiated agricultural sector.
Key-words : rural development, designation of origin, new economic geography.
Le découplage et les droits à paiement unique dans
les exploitations laitières et bovins-viande en France
[Decoupling and single payment in the French dairy and cattle farms]
Vincent CHATELLIER
* (* INRA-LERECO, rue de la Géraudière, e-mail :
vchatel@nantes.inra.fr)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 78, 2006, pp 53-80
Summary – The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, decided by the European Council in June 2003, modifies the way Community authorities support agriculture. In France, the implementation of the single payment (in substitution of a part of the compensatory payments allocated historically on the basis of the production factors) constitutes a significant break, in particular in the bovine sector (milk, beef and veal). The aim of the paper is to evaluate the consequences of this CAP reform on the evolution (2003-2007) of the direct subsidies (and of the single payment) for different categories of French bovine farms. The simulation, carried on the basis of individual data of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for 2003, takes into account assumptions of labour productivity increase and two options of decoupling : partial (according to the method applied in France) and total (as Community legislation allows it). Starting from the simulated state, the possibilities offered to the Member States to redistribute the direct supports are discussed. The major outcomes are the following : the income of the very large majority of bovine farms will strongly depend on the direct supports at the end of the reform ; the modulation device will concern more than 95 % of the bovine farms ; the amount of the single payment (per farm, per hectare or by economic results) will strongly vary according to the size of the farm, its historical productive system and its intensification level; the principle of the “regionalization” of the single payment (articles n° 58 and 59 of European Council regulation n° 1782) led, in each administrative area, to a transfer of direct supports from most intensive units towards most extensive ones, but does not allow, like the article n° 69, a redistribution of funds between administrative areas.
Key-words: CAP reform, decoupling, direct subsidies, farm, FADN.
The role of geographical labelling in inserting extensive cattle systems
into beef marketing channels. Evidence from three Spanish case studies
Almudena GÓMEZ RAMOS*, Isabel BARDAJÍ AZCARÁTE**, Ignacio ATANCE MUÑIZ*** (* Universidad de Valladolid, Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria, Campus de Palencia, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia (España), e-mail : almgomez@iaf.uva.es - ** ETSIA, Departamento de Economía y Ciencias Sociales Agrarias, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, e-mail : isabel.bardaji@upm.es - *** Ministerio de Agricultura, Subdirreción General de Productos Hortofrutícolas, C/ Alfonso XII 62, 28071 Madrid, e-mail: iatancem@mapya.es)
In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 78, 2006, pp 81-105
Summary – The beef cattle sector is adapting to increasing demand-side requirements. Customers are looking for a differentiated product of constant quality in a market that is beginning to be dominated by major distribution companies. In this background, mechanisms to differentiate production are being implemented to co-ordinate both production and marketing processes and integrate livestock farmers into the commercial system. Extensive cattle systems carry an important weight in Spain because of their social and environmental values. However, their structure and level of profitability are obstacles to their adaptation to new market trends. This situation calls for instruments that are able to bring the farmer into this adaptation process and to add value to and differentiate products. These instruments can be promoted by institutions or by the private sector through quality labels based on the product’s geographical origin. This paper aims to characterise the process of adaptation of Spanish extensive cattle systems through three case studies representing three kinds of extensive farming system located in the country’s northern, central and southern mountain ranges. A logit model based on a survey of farmers was developed to identify which variables have a greater influence on the decision to participate in quality labels based on geographical origin. The study concludes that the three mechanisms, which are based on a brand linked to their geographical origin, present important differences. Some factors as the institutional or regional context explains these differences and determine the degree of acceptance of each one of these mechanisms between the livestock farmers.
Key-words : extensive beef cattle, geographical labelling, rural development, logit model.