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Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 82-83, 1st and 2nd terms 2007

Dossier : GÉNÉRATION, SANTÉ ET ALIMENTATION
Introduction by P. Cardon format PDF

COMPTES RENDUS DE LECTURE
P. Rainelli, L’agriculture de demain. Gagnants et perdants de la mondialisation, by D. Hassan format PDF ; X. Arnauld de Sartre, Fronts pionniers d’Amazonie. Les dynamiques paysannes au Brésil, by L. Granchamp-Florentino format PDF

Programmes agri-environnementaux en présence d’effets de seuil
[Agri-environmental schemes with threshold effects]

Pierre DUPRAZ *, Karine LATOUCHE **, Nadine TURPIN *** (* Unité d’économie et sociologie rurales (ESR), INRA, 4 allée Adolphe Bobierre, CS61103, 35011 Rennes cedex - e-mail : pierre.dupraz@rennes.inra.fr ; ** Laboratoire d’études et de recherches en économie, INRA, rue de la Géraudière, B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes cedex 03 - e-mail : karine.latouche@nantes.inra.fr ; *** UMR Métafort, Cemagref, 24 avenue des Landais, 63172 Aubière cedex - e-mail : nadine.turpin@cemagref.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 5-32

Summary – In this paper, we propose mechanism designs for agri-environnemental schemes that ensure their environmental and social efficiency, when the biophysical processes are characterized by threshold effects. Public regulation of agri-environmental processes has to cope with two different problems: on the one side, there are asymmetric information between the regulator and the farmers on the adoption cost and the effective effort of the farmers; on the other side, the regulator and the farmers share uncertainty on the relationship between farming practices and environmental quality. These two difficulties often cumulate into the agri-environmental schemes and may lead, when threshold effects occur, to no effective environmental effects and to farmers’ discouragement. Using a simple micro-economic model and the analysis of an example, this paper shows that a perennial and evolving management of agri-environmental schemes allows a local capitalization of competences and increases their efficiency. This management exploits economies of scale and of learning (management and technical), when the design of contracts allows to precise and quantify threshold effects, which are often badly known and have local characteristics. In some particular cases, sending a signal of a requested minimal contracting area is information that can lead to an increased participation of the farmers.

Key-words: threshold effect, agri-environmental policy.

The efficiency of maize farming in Malawi. A bootstrapped translog frontier

Hardwick TCHALE *, Johannes SAUER ** (* Worldbank and University of Malawi, Bunda College, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi - e-mail : htchale@worldbank.org ; ** University of Copenhagen, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark - e-mail : js@foi.dk)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 33-56

Summary – We measure the level and determinants of technical efficiency of maize based smallholder farmers using a bootstrapped translog stochastic frontier that is a posteriori checked for functional consistency. The results show that higher levels of technical efficiency are obtained when farmers use integrated soil fertility options compared to the use of inorganic fertilizer only. With respect to the policy variables considered in the analysis, access to agricultural input and output markets, credit provision and extension services strongly influence smallholders’ technical efficiency. There is a need to strengthen these public policy issues in order to effectively address the efficiency of Malawian agriculture and its impact on poverty by ensuring sustainable soil fertility management.

Key-words: smallholder agriculture, bootstrapped frontier, soil fertility management, Malawi.

Agricultural multifunctionality and trade liberalisation

Thilo GLEBE*, Uwe LATACZ-LOHMANN** (* Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl Alte Akademie 14, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan - e-mail: glebe@wzw.tum.de ; ** Department of Agricultural Economics, Christian - 24118 Kiel, Germany - e-mail: ulatacz@agric-econ.uni-kiel.de)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 57-73

Summary – This paper employs a partial equilibrium trade model to analyse the interaction of trade and environmental policy in the context of agriculture’s multifunctionality. We formally demonstrate that free trade is suboptimal if no efficient environmental policy addressing the provision of multifunctional benefits is in place. However, tariff reductions in a large net-importing country reinforce the incentive for that country to introduce environmental policy, though this policy will be strategically distorted to partly substitute for the tariff. Despite its strategic character, this environmental policy programme will unambiguously enhance global welfare if it is introduced in conjunction with tariff reductions. We conclude that, although the multifunctionality argument may lend some support to the criticism of trade liberalisation, the argument is not solid when trade liberalisation induces the introduction of environmental policy.

Key-words: agricultural trade, agricultural multifunctionality, strategic environmental policy, welfare economics.

Dossier : GÉNÉRATION, SANTÉ ET ALIMENTATION
Introduction by P. Cardon

Évolution des comportements alimentaires : le rôle des générations
[Evolution of eating behaviour: Generational effects]

Fanette RECOURS *, Pascale HEBEL * (* CREDOC, 142 rue du Chevaleret, 75013 Paris - e-mail : recours@credoc.fr - hebel@credoc.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 79-108

Summary – In order to evaluate the changes in French eating habits and to anticipate future changes, this article proposes to record and analyse consumption through a model named Age-Period-Cohort. This model correlates aging and/or cohort effects with income, urban area size and kind of the household. In conclusion, there seems to be a trend towards meals being prepared more hastily and they are therefore more simplistic in content: Generally two course meals. We can not speak about breakdown of the meals composition, rather, it is the overall change in type and style of consumption. Overall, there is one trend in particular that has been detected through the use of the Age-Period-Cohort model, it shows that younger generations are much less likely to take dinner at a regular fixed time compared to predecessors.

Key-words: model of Age-Period-Cohort, eating behaviours, generational effects, consumption surveys.

Relations entre alimentation et santé dans la famille et leur construction dans les espaces intergénérationnels. Quels enjeux pour les mères de famille ?
[The relations between food and health in the family and their construction in intergenerational spaces. Which stakes for mothers?]

Guillaume FERNANDEZ * (* Atelier de recherche sociologique EA 3149, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3 - e-mail : Guillaume.Fernandez@univ-brest.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 109-137

Summary – In this article we study the social and generational conditions in which mothers can manage the
relation between food and health. Our analysis is based on two imbricate types of explanatory factors: the plurality of norms that can affect food behaviour and the processes of familiar transmission of food practices, knowledge and abilities. Mothers try to regulate the effects of these two factors and to acquire skills of symbolic and practice management of the relation between food and health. We propose to consider three groups of mothers. The mothers of the first group are of humble origin and live in contexts of action structured by opposition between an individualisation of food practices and their family heritages that perpetuate the legitimacy of the collective controls on the person. The relations between food and health are more uncertain because of the implicit coexistence of this double base of norms. The mothers of the second group are of middle class and live in contexts of unified actions. They have a larger skill ability of relation between food and health. The third group socially heterogeneous is composed of mothers that are highly reflexive, thus frequently reconsider theirs practices of food.

Key-words: food, health, generation, family.

Vieillissement et délégation alimentaire aux aides à domicile : entre subordination, complémentarité et substitution
[Ageing and food delegation to professional home helps: Between subordination, complementarity and substitution]

Philippe CARDON * (* Laboratoire de recherche sur la consommation - 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine cedex - e-mail : cardon@ivry.inra.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 82-83, 2007, pp 139-166

Summary – The elderly way of life can be affected by the intervention of professional home help. One less known aspect of these transformations is related to food. This article is based on the interviews of elderly persons, of professional home helps and on an investigation in associations of help services. It gives some clues to analyse the effects of these interventions on food behaviour. At first, we study the professional practices of home helps that are emerging between their cooking knowledge and dietary recommendations coming from associations of help services (capacity of diagnosis, capacity of instructions). Then the article analyses how the elderly integrate (or not) dietary recommendations into their food practices (resistance, negotiation and acculturation). Finally, we propose a typology of food delegation (subordination, complementarity and substitution) and of its effects on food behaviour of the elderly (conservation or transformation). This typology is based on the analysis of interactions between the different actors.

Key-words: sociology, food, the elderly, professional home help, food delegation, dietary instructions and norms, “programme national nutrition santé”.
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