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Publications > Cahiers (English)> N° 84-85, 3rd and 2th terms 2007

LE PAYSAGE : Approches en sciences sociales
Introduction par J. CAVAILHÈS et D. VOLLET format PDF

COMPTES RENDUS DE LECTURE
A. Guillerme, A.-C. Lefort, G. Jigaudon, Dangereux, insalubres et incommodes. Paysages industriels en banlieue parisienne, XIXe-XXe siècles, by E. Markou format PDF ; O. Marcel (dir.), Paysage modes d'emploi. Pour une histoire des cultures de l'aménagement, by W. Oueslati format PDF

Approche du paysage en droit français
[The concept of landscape in French law]

Philippe GUTTINGER * (* Université de Paris X Nanterre, UFR de Sciences Juridiques, Politiques et Administratives (SJAP), 200, avenue de la République, 92001 Nanterre cedex - e-mail : philippe.guttinger@u-paris10.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 11-60

Summary – The study of the correlations between yesterday and today’s juridical rules and types of landscape is still to be made. Nevertheless, the association “right and landscape” can provoke more theoretical thoughts to the jurists. The term “landscape” appeared in French law in 1906. More recently, the law of January 8th 1993, named “Landscapes Law”, confirms the landscape as a value to be promoted to the biggest benefit of the individuals and the Society. However the jurists still agree to wonder how the Right takes possession of the landscape. First, two questions will be examined: the juridical definition of the landscape and its juridical qualification, that is to say the operation to enter a fact into the categories of Right and, consequently, to assure it a full reception in the legal system. However, the Napoleonic Civil Code specified the juridical categories of the property law used in French law and the category “common heritage” is hardly satisfactory. Then, the internal tensions present in the rules applicable to landscapes will be assessed: they can be explained by the burst of these rules and mostly by the multiplicity and the variety of the persons subject to feel concerned by the future of the very landscape. Private possession, public possession and common possession are indeed likely to express themselves, and the promoters of a public policy centred on the protection or the management of the landscape have to keep this fact continually in mind. More precisely, we evaluate if French law considers the wish of common possession of the landscape, a tendency highlighted by the Council of Europe in its European Landscape Convention.

Key-words: landscape, property law, common heritage, public policy, sustainable development.

Landscapes and regional development: What are the links?

Jean-Christophe DISSART * (* Unité de recherche Développement des territoires montagnards, Cemagref Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères cedex - e-mail : jean-christophe.dissart@cemagref.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 61-91

Summary – Despite increasing interest for rural landscapes, information technology advances, and transportation improvements, rural areas generally continue to lag behind urban ones with respect to many socioeconomic indicators. Those rural areas that experience significant growth, however, are either located close to metropolitan areas or offer outstanding amenities that attract population and firms. Landscapes, as amenities, are defined as location-specific features that enhance the attractiveness of a given location. The empirical connection between amenities and regional growth has been established, but supply and demand issues of amenities and how their presence might lead to increased development still need clarification. This survey paper deals with several issues. First, amenities and landscapes and their characteristics are defined and described, particularly as economic goods. Second, supply and demand factors for amenities are presented. Third, the links between amenities, landscapes and regional development are explained, via both impact mechanisms and institutional arrangements. Last, key public policy and further research issues are outlined.

Key-words: landscape, amenities, rural area, regional development, economic development.

Politiques agricoles et enjeux paysagers. Analyse sur deux territoires rhône-alpins
[Agricultural policies and landscapes. An analysis of two territories in the Rhône-Alpes Region]

Dominique VOLLET *, Marie-Pierre ARLOT ** (* UMR Métafort (AgroParisTech-Cemagref-ENITA-INRA), Cemagref, 24 avenue des Landais, 63172 Aubière cedex - e-mail : dominique.vollet@cemagref.fr ; ** Cemagref, UR Développement des territoires montagnards, 2 rue de la papeterie, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères cedex - e-mail : marie-pierre.arlot@cemagref.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 93-112

Summary – Landscapes are gradually integrated as potential resources for economic development. This integration takes place in a combined movement of sectoral policies, including agricultural ones, for areas presenting differentiated strategies of development. Is the local level able to give certain coherence to this heterogeneous group of policies, particularly in the means of considering the landscape? To answer these questions, an exhaustive analysis of the agricultural policies was carried out on two territories of the Rhone-Alps presenting a differentiated development, Trièves and Bauges. The analysis started from a specific grid of analysis over two periods (1994-1995; 2001-2002). Over these periods, the area of the Bauges, which presents a less marked identity than Trièves, is more massively confronted to the arrival of commuters. It is also setting its development on the installation of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheese. The agricultural policies in favour of the landscape are characterized by a strong degree of planning (creation and promotion). Trièves development lies on "soft" tourism and on direct sale of organic products. These results seem to consolidate and clarify the assumption of the diversity of the bases for local management of local public good as the landscape is.

Key-words: landscape, regional development, agricultural policies.

Rural landscape valuation in a cross-border region

Francesco MARANGON *, Francesca VISINTIN * (* University of Udine, Department of Economics, Via Tomadini 30/a, 33100 Udine, Italy - e-mail: marangon@uniud.it - visintin@uniud.it)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 113-132

Summary – The rural landscape is one of the most valuable agricultural externalities and it is often affected by modifications in the agricultural production process. Moreover, some rural areas are deteriorating due to the depopulation process while others are being transformed owing to socio-economic pressures. However, should agricultural policies concerning landscape preservation only be considered as cost items or should they be seen as sources of social benefits able to justify economic support? On this basis two surveys were carried out in order to study the economic value of the rural landscape, focusing in particular on viticulture. Both studies covered quality wine-producing areas on the Italian/Slovenian border: The Controlled Denomination of Origin zones of ‘Collio’ and ‘Colli Orientali del Friuli’ in Italy, and the municipality of Brda in Slovenia. Both surveys assessed the economic value of the rural landscape in order to estimate the social benefit that populations attach to landscape preservation measures. Despite the fact that similar methods were applied, results differed. The peculiar backgrounds affected our results in two ways. Firstly we found that there was a considerable difference in the way Italians and Slovenes valued the rural landscape. While Italians considered the development and extension of vineyards to be very important in counteracting the abandonment of rural areas, Slovenes preferred “traditional” landscapes (orchards, grasslands and vineyards). Secondly, in Slovenia it was difficult to apply the contingent valuation method, which is based on a hypothetical market scenario. More research should be carried out in order to study the methods that best fit the preferences for rural landscape.

Key-words: rural landscape, contingent valuation method, Collio (Italy), Colli orientali del Friuli (Italy), Brda
(Slovenia).

La méthode des choix multi-attributs appliquée aux Monts d’Arrée
[An application of the choice experiment method to the Monts d’Arrée]

Jeanne DACHARY-BERNARD * (* CEMAGREF, Groupement de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas-Gazinet - e-mail : Jeanne.Dachary-Bernard@bordeaux.cemagref.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 133-166

Summary – Rural areas produce landscape amenities that improve users’ welfare. Because people’s demand for such amenities is growing, public decision makers have to deal with it. Knowing the benefits of landscape changes is useful for decision makers in order to help them in their decision process. Economic valuation of landscape changes is implemented in this article with the choice experiment method. This technique asks respondents what they prefer between different hypothetical landscape scenarios, each of them illustrating the landscape that would be if a particular political measure is taken. We apply this approach to the Monts d’Arrée landscape in Finistère where landscape changes are particularly interesting and decision makers have to take into account such landscape issues in their debate. The economic model used gives the implicit prices of the landscape attributes of the study. From them, it calculates the consumer surplus derived from different landscape hypothetical programs since a landscape measure usually deals with more than one attribute.

Key-words: economic valuation, choice experiment method, landscape, preferences, public decision.

L’intervention publique paysagère comme processus normatif
[Landscape policy as a normative process]

Jacqueline CANDAU *, Olivier AZNAR **, Marc GUÉRIN ***, Yves MICHELIN ****, Patrick MOQUAY ***** (* Cemagref, Aménités et dynamiques de l’espace rural, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33610 Cestas - e-mail : jacqueline.candau@cemagref.fr ; ** Cemagref, Mutation des activités, des espaces et des formes d’organisation dans les territoires ruraux, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 50085, 63172 Aubière cedex - e-mail : olivier.aznar@cemagref.fr ; *** Cemagref, Direction générale, département Gestion des territoires, Parc de Tourvoie, BP 44, 92163 Antony cedex - e-mail : marc.guerin@cemagref.fr ; **** ENITA, Site de Marmilhat, 63370 Lempdes - e-mail : michelin@enitac.fr ; ***** Engref, Mutation des activités, des espaces et des formes d’organisation dans les territoires ruraux, puis Cemagref, Aménités et dynamiques de l’espace rural, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33610 Cestas - e-mail : patrick.moquay@cemagref.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 167-190

Summary – Our analysis studies the social production of norms when defining, and of landscape policies in the local scale. It shows that this normative production comes along with an evolution concerning the name of some material objects. This new naming, often unstable, expresses normative conflicts because some norms can be very different from those applied up to there, for some actors. It also shows that these conflicts of norms around material objects traduce alternative or combined uses of these objects. So, landscape policies permit to recognize multifunctionality of rural areas by practices connected to leisure activities (hiking, visits). They legitimize the visual appropriation of space, which is a specific appropriation accompanying these practices.

Key-words: landscape, local public action, norm, rural area.

Deux générations d’agriculteurs face aux transformations des paysages bocagers. Étude de cas en Normandie
[Two generations of farmers confronted to landscape change. A case study in Normandy]

Maxime MARIE * (* UFR de Géographie, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GEOPHEN/UMR 6554 CNRS, Esplanade de la paix, BP 5186, 14032 Caen cedex - e-mail : maxime.marie@unicaen.fr)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 191-214

Summary – Lanscapes made of small fields and hedges are typical of French “Basse-Normandie”; they are currently put forward to promote the countryside during advertising campaings. Agricultural transformations since 40 years in this region have completely changed the landscape structures and their perception and representation by individuals. This article proposes a study of farmers’ representation of landscape, by using an original survey method. First, we explain why and how we selected a set of photographies to analyse farmers’ representation. Then, we analyse generational and ideological aspects that underpin the reading of the photographies by the surveyed farmers. Many differences appeared between them; in particular, an important change occurs between farmers established during the 1970s “productivism revolution” and younger ones, who set up in the middle of the 1980s.

Key-words : agricultural landscape, farmers, landscape representation, generational aspect.

Paysages patrimoniaux en Wallonie (Belgique), analyse par approche des paysages témoins
[Heritage landscape in Wallonia (Belgium): The witness landscape approach]

Emilie DROEVEN *, Catherine DUBOIS **, Claude FELTZ ** (* Conférence permanente du Développement territorial, Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux (FUSAGx), laboratoire d’étude en planification urbaine et rurale, 2 passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux (Belgique) - e-mail : droeven.e@fsagx.ac.be ; ** Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux, laboratoire d’aménagement du territoire, 2 passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux (Belgique) - e-mail : dubois.c@fsagx.ac.be)

In : Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales, n° 84-85, 2007, pp 215-243

Summary – In 2000, the Walloon Region (Belgium) has initiated a research program at the Standing Conference on Territorial Development (CPDT) in order to address the European Landscape Convention requirements. The research concentrated at first on the identification and the typology of Walloon macrolandscapes at a regional scale. Then the research focussed on the landscapes characterisation at a scale of 1/20 000 and their patrimonial qualification. The paper traces the research progress (definition of the concepts of landscape and patrimonial landscape, the adopted procedure) and presents the elaborated method to appreciate the landscapes scientific values, called the method of the “witness landscape”. It also presents the difficulties met during its application on the field. The method is iterative and combines the observation on the field, the review of both historic and present cartographies, the interpretation of aerial photographs and the mobilisation of the available bibliography. Reading, analysing, understanding and documenting the landscape in order to highlight the meaningful landscapes’ configurations and components, such was one of the research team contributions to the landscape management.

Key-words: witness landscape, Wallonia, heritage landscape, methodology.
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